Adverbs modify or specify the meaning of a verb, adjective or another adverb. They are invariable.
DIFFERENT ADVERBS Lesson i_11 ![]()
Most adverbs derive by the corresponding adjective and they are formed by adding "mente" to the ending of the feminine singular form of the adjective (onesta + mente = onestamente; forte + mente = fortemente...). Adjectives ending in "re" or "le" drop their "e" before adding "mente" (regolare + mente= regolarmente; gentile + mente = gentilmente). Other adverbs do not end with "mente" and the most common are: "bene" (well), "male" (badly), "ora" (now), "ieri" (yesterday), "oggi" (today), "poco" (little), "molto" (much), "prima" (before), "dopo" (after), "non" (not) ... There are several categories of adverbs. Following, are the most important:
There are several categories of adverbs. Following, are the most important:
Remember, the comparative form of the adverbs follows the rules of the adjectives: "il treno va più lentamente dell'aereo" (trains go more slowly than airplains.)
The superlative is always formed with "molto" + the adverb: "l'aereo viaggia molto velocemente" (the airplain travels very fast.) The adverbs "bene", "male", "poco", "molto" have the following irregular comparative:
| Avverbio | Comparativo | Superlativo | |||
| bene | well | meglio | better | benissimo molto bene |
very well |
| male | badly | peggio | worse | malissimo molto male |
very badly |
| poco | little | di meno, meno | less | pochissimo | very little |
| molto | much | di più, più | more | moltissimo | very much |
NOTE The difference between an adjective, a pronoun or an adverb is that:
1. the adjective goes with the noun and agrees with it; "molti studenti
vanno al cinema" (many students go to the movies)
2. the pronoun substitutes
the noun; "molti vanno al cinema" (many go to the movies)
3. the
adverb goes with the verb, adjective or another adverb and it is invariable; "gli
studenti vanno molto al cinema" (students go a lot to the movies)
IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTION Lesson i_9 ![]()
When the subject of a sentence is generic
and not specified (people, one, they...) the Italian language uses the impersonal
construction.
It is formed with "si" plus the third singular person
of the verb:
When the verb is reflexive the particle "ci" precedes "si":
If an adjective follows the verb, the adjective is in the plural masculine form:
Note: There is a costruction which is similar to
the impersonal construction but is slightly different; it is called "passive
si" construction.
The
impersonal construction requires the third singular person of the verb:
The "passive si" construction requires the third singular or plural person of the verb according to the number of the object:
To recognize the difference between the impersonal construction and "si passivante", it may help you to know that in the passive construction you switch the subject.
The meaning of the sentence is the same but the construction is different.
Esempio:
ACTIVE SENTENCE (THE SUBJECT IS PEOPLE) = people eat pizza in this restaurant
PASSIVE SENTENCE (THE SUBJECT IS PIZZA) = pizza is eaten in this restaurant
SI PASSIVANTE: in questo ristorante si mangia la pizza
ATTIVA: in this restaurant people eat spaghetti
PASSIVA: spaghetti are eaten in this restaurant
SI PASSIVANTE: in questo ristorante si mangiano spaghetti
In the impersonal construction (e.g. "qui non si fuma") you cannot switch the subject.
RECIPROCAL CONSTRUCTION Lesson i_11 ![]()
The particle "ci" (for "we"), "vi" (for "you" plural) and "si" (for "they") are used to form the "reciprocal construction":
NOTE In a reciprocal construction, compound tenses require the verb "essere":
SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION: "stare per" + infinito Lesson i_11 ![]()
This construction is formed with "stare per + infinitive":
SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION: "stare" + gerundio Lesson i_11 ![]()
This construction is formed with "stare + gerundio":
IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS Lesson
i_9, Lesson a_4 ![]()
In every language we find the so-called 'idiomatic expressions', which are sentences characteristic for their expressiveness; they are difficult to translate literally or rationally.
Here is a small list of commonly used idiomatic expressions:
| Avere la stoffa del campione | To have what it takes to be a champion |
| Averne fin sopra i capelli | To be fed up with something or someone |
| Dai! | Come on! |
| Dare un colpo di telefono | To telephone |
| Dare per scontato | To take for granted |
| Darsi del tu | To speak to each other informally |
| Fare il bagno | To take a bath |
| Fare benzina | To get gasoline |
| Fare colazione | To have breakfast |
| Fare due passi | To take a walk |
| Fare la doccia | To take a shower |
| Fare una foto | To take a photograph |
| Fare quattro chiacchiere | To chat |
| Fare un salto | To drop by someone or somewhere |
| Farsi un nome | To become well known |
| Farsi in quattro | To work very hard |
| Essere a secco | To be out of money or gasoline |
| Essere giù di morale | To feel down |
| Essere in piena forma | To feel great; be in great shape |
| Essere fuori di sé | To be angry |
| Essere fuori di testa | To be out of control; nut |
| Essere tagliato per un lavoro | To be cut out for the job |
| In bocca al lupo | Good luck; break a leg |
| Lasciare stare; Lasciare perdere |
To give up |
| Mettersi in proprio | To set up on one's own |
| Mi prendono i cinque minuti | I become furious, enraged |
| Non mi fa né caldo né freddo | It doesn't make any difference for me |
| Non mollare | Don't give up |
| Osso duro | Tough cookie |
| Passarsela bene | To have a good period in life |
| Prendere in giro | To pull one's leg |
| Tenere duro | To hold on, don't give up |
| Un tipo in gamba | A smart, capable person |
| A chi tocca? Tocca a noi. | Whose turn is it? It's our turn. |
| Vecchia roccia | Good, old, strong person/ friend |
VERBS COMBINED WITH PRONOUNS Lesson a_3, Lesson a_4 ![]()
Certain verbs, combined with certain pronouns, are used idiomatically. Here is a small list of commonly used 'verbs with pronouns':
| Andarsene | To go away |
| Avercela con qualcuno | To be angry at someone |
| Comprarsi | To buy for oneself |
| Farcela | To succeed |
| Fregarsene | Not to give a damn |
| Mettercela tutta | To do everything one can possibly do |
| Metterci | How much time one needs to do something |
| Passarsela bene | To have a good period in life |
| Prendersela con qualcuno per qualcosa | To get offended with someone for something |
| Provarci | To try to do something |
| Sentirsela | = sentire di poter fare qualcosa, di essere capaci |
| Volerci | To need; to take; how long or how much it takes to do something |
| Volercene | To take a lot of effort to do something |
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE CONSTRUCTION Lesson a_6 ![]()
In the active construction the subject of the sentence is 'active' and the verb expresses his/her/its action: "La mamma prepara la cena". "La mamma" (the mother) is the active subject, "prepara" (prepares) is the verb, "la cena" (the dinner) is the object.
All transitive and intransitive verbs have the active form (click transitive and intransitive verbs for more information.)
In the passive construction the subject is 'passive' and "undergoes" or "receives" the action performed by a doer (agent).
The verb changes into the passive form (using the auxiliary "essere"): "La cena è preparata dalla mamma". "La cena" (the dinner) is the subject, "è preparata" (is prepared) is the passive verb, "dalla mamma" (the mother) is the agent.
Only the transitive verbs with an object expressed can have the passive form (click transitive and intransitive verbs for more information.)
The meaning of an active sentence ("La mamma prepara la cena") and the meaning of a passive sentence ("La cena è preparata dalla mamma") are practically the same. However, as the subject changes the emphasis of the sentence changes: in the first sentence (active) "la mamma" is the focus of the action and the most important element; in the second sentence (passive) "la cena" is the focus of the action and the most important element.
ATTENZIONE: nella forma passiva il verbo "essere" a volte può essere sostituito dal verbo "venire":
Dal sito dell' Accademia della Crusca:
"... l’uso di venire (solo nei tempi semplici) in luogo del normale ausiliario essere conferisce alla frase il valore dinamico sottolineando un’azione: dire infatti Alle ore 20 il museo viene chiuso enuncia la programmatica azione di chiudere il museo, mentre dire Alle ore 20 il museo è chiuso costituisce una enunciazione ambigua che indica uno stato del museo alle ore 20 piuttosto che l’atto della sua chiusura. Talvolta l’uso dell’uno o dell’altro verbo può essere indifferente quanto al significato e affidato al gusto preferenziale dello scrittore, che può scrivere indifferentemente La nave venne varata nel pomeriggio o La nave fu varata nel pomeriggio."
HIPOTHETICAL CONSTRUCTION (conditional clauses) Lesson a_9 ![]()
In Italian there are three forms of conditional clauses:
1) "Realtà" (reality) = expresses an action that will happen or it is very likely to happen. It uses the "Indicativo" or "Imperativo":
2) "Possibilità" (possibility) = expresses an action that might happen. It uses the "Congiuntivo imperfetto" and the "Condizionale presente" or "Imperativo":
3) "Impossibilità o irrealtà" (irreality) = expresses an action that cannot happen or could have happened but did not. Depending on the time the hypothesis refers to, it uses the "Congiuntivo trapassato" and the "Condizionale presente" or "Condizionale passato":
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH Lesson a_10 ![]()
Here are five simple charts of the changes involved in the transformation from direct speech to indirect speech:
| Direct speech | Indirect speech |
introduced by: |
|
|
|
| Tu hai detto: "voglio andare al cinema." | Lui ha detto che vuole andare al cinema. |
| Direct speech | Indirect speech |
In the indirect speech the subject of the sentence usually changes to the third person: |
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|
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| Tu hai detto: "voglio andare al cinema." | Lui ha detto che vuole andare al cinema. |
| Direct speech | Indirect speech |
| The possessive adjective or pronoun changes accordingly: | |
|
|
| Tu hai detto: "voglio andare con la mia macchina." | Lui ha detto che vuole andare con la sua macchina. |
| Direct speech | Indirect speech |
Other elements change: |
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| Tu hai detto: "domani ci incontriamo qui." | Lui ha detto che il giorno seguente si sarebbero incontrati lì. |
| Direct speech | Indirect speech |
| If the verb introducing the direct speech is in the past ("imperfetto, passato remoto" and sometimes "passato prossimo"), the verbs in the indirect speech change accordingly: | |
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Tu dicevi: "vado al cinema" ma poi non ci andavi mai. Tu hai detto: "domani ci incontreremo qui." |
Lui diceva che andava al cinema ma poi non ci andava mai. Lui ha detto che il giorno seguente si sarebbero incontrati lì. |
INDIRECT QUESTIONS Lesson a_10 ![]()
The transformation from direct to indirect question is the same as that for direct/indirect speech:
| Direct question | Indirect question |
| La mamma domanda al bambino: "Hai fatto i compiti?" | La mamma domanda al bambino se ha fatto i compiti. |
| La mamma domandò al bambino: "Hai fatto i compiti?" | La mamma domandò al bambino se aveva fatto i compiti. |
However, when we want to emphasize the indirect question (especially in writing) the subjunctive is required instead of the indicative:
| Direct question | Indirect question |
| La mamma domanda al bambino: "Hai fatto i compiti?" | La mamma domanda al bambino se abbia fatto i compiti. |
| La mamma domandò al bambino: "Hai fatto i compiti?" | La mamma domandò al bambino se avesse fatto i compiti. |
Nowdays, there is an increasing tendency among Italians to use the indicative instead of the subjunctive. However, the subjunctive is required for a proper use of the language.
FORMA IMPLICITA Lesson
a_11 ![]()
Spesso la forma implicita chiarisce e semplifica le frasi. Usa i modi "infinito, gerundio e participio". Questi modi verbali non sono coniugabili a seconda della persona e per questo li preferiamo quando il soggetto della frase principale corrisponde a quello della secondaria.
Esempio:
Nota bene: se il verbo principale richiede una preposizione, è necessario inserirla davanti all'infinito. Esempio:
Se necessario rivedi i verbi seguiti da preposizioni
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